Satyendra Nath Bose

Satyendra Nath Bose was an Indian physicist renowned for developing the theory of Bose-Einstein statistics and the concept of the Bose-Einstein condensate.

He hailed from the Nadia district in West Bengal and pursued his education at Presidency College, Kolkata.

• It describes how a collection of non-interacting and indistinguishable particles distribute themselves among a set of available discrete energy states, at thermodynamic equilibrium.
• Bose sent his findings to Albert Einstein. The statistics was extended to gas molecules by Einstein, and particles that obey the B–E statistics principle are referred to as “Bosons”(named after S. N Bose). Bosons are fundamental articles that have integer values of spin (0, 1, 2, etc.). E.g. Photon, Gluon, etc.

• At extremely low temperatures (near 0 Kelvin or -273.15 Celsius), a large fraction of bosons can occupy the same lowest-energy quantum state and become indistinguishable from each other, forming a unique state of matter (e.g., superfluid helium or ultra-cold atomic gases). BEC is referred to as the ‘fifth state of matter.’
• Properties of BEC include:
  1. Superfluidity: Bose-Einstein Condensates (BEC) have zero viscosity and can flow without resistance.
  2. Superconductivity: Bose-Einstein Condensates (BEC) have zero resistance, leading to optimal conductivity.
  3. Coherence: All particles in the BEC are in the same quantum state, behaving as a single entity.
• Bose-Einstein Condensates has important complications and usage in areas of
  • Quantum Computing
  • Superconductivity
  • Precision Measurements
  • Sensing Technologies
  • Atom Lasers