Indian Private Sector in Space

• Under the Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyaan, the Government has envisioned the private sector’s role in India’s space program, including satellites, launches, and space-based services.
• The Government also announced Space Park in Bangalore in 100 Acres, where companies will set up their plants to synchronize their projects. 
• ISRO is also taking up various steps to promote the Indian private sector in space. These include
  1. The private sector has been allowed to use ISRO facilities and other relevant assets to improve their capacities.
  2. ISRO is helping a consortium of companies to build polar satellite launch vehicles.
  3. In 2018, ISRO had signed a contract with three companies to build 27 satellites in three years.

Antrix

• Antrix is the private arm of ISRO & is helping ISRO to get commercial deals. 

Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Centre (IN-SPACe)

• The Government of India has created In-SPACe to boost private sector participation in the entire range of space activities like building routine satellites, rockets and commercial launch services.
• It will have its directorates for technical, legal, safety and security, monitoring and activities promotion. It will function autonomously and parallel to ISRO.

New Space India Limited

• NSIL is the commercial arm of ISRO. 
• It was incorporated in 2019 as a Government-owned enterprise.
• The main functions of NSIL include 
  • NSIL will enable Indian industries to build the capacity of the domestic market for space manufacturing.
  • NSIL will facilitate the transfer of ISRO technologies to the industry. 
• The launch of a Brazilian satellite named ‘Amazonia-1’ in 2021 was the first commercial deal of NSIL.

1. SpaceX

• Owned by Elon Musk.

2. Blue Origin

• Owned by Jeff Bezos (of Amazon). 
• The primary rocket system of Blue Origin is called New Shephard, which will take tourists to space 100 km above Earth and start a new space tourism industry.
• In June 2021, New Shephard auctioned the first ticket for space tourism sold for $28 million.

3. Virgin Galactic

• Owned by Richard Branson. 
• The company is working on space tourism. 

1. Pixxel India

• Pixxel India is a Bengaluru-based startup.
• It is working on a project to place a large number of Remote Sensing Satellites for continuous observation of every part of the Earth, and data thus generated will be used for combating climate change, agriculture and urban planning. 
• The first satellite of Pixxel India has been named called Anand.

2. Skyroot

• Skyroot is a Hyderabad-based company that has made a Vikram-S launch vehicle to enter the launch market.
• Properties of Vikram-S Launch Vehicle
  • It is a single-stage sub-orbital launch vehicle. 
  • It is 3D printed. 
  • The core structure is built using carbon composites. 
• It made its first successful flight in November 2022. It was launched with support from ISRO and IN-SPACe (Indian National Space Promotion and Authorization Centre).
• It is part of Mission Prarambh, which involves the Indian private sector’s entry into the space launch market.

3. Dhruva Space

• It is a Bangalore based start-up. 
• It is the first Indian start-up that will design and manufacture satellites with the capacity to manufacture 10-12 satellites annually.

4. Digantara

• Digantara is an Indian space start-up of India that will set up a commercial Space Situational Awareness (SSA) observatory in the Garhwal region (Uttarakhand).
• SSA refers to knowledge of the space environment, assessing any threats to space activities and implementing necessary mitigation measures to safeguard space assets. 

5. Earth2Orbit

• Earth2Orbit (India’s first space startup) has been set up to solve climate change from outer space.

• Increasing demand for satellites with the need to launch 18-20 satellites every year. With the existing ISRO workforce, it is challenging to meet this target, and the private sector can play a role here.
• Getting latest innovations and trends: Public-Private Sector collaboration will boost the Indian space sector as the private sector can get access to ISRO’s cutting edge technology and innovations.
• Reducing dependence on taxpayer’s money: Involvement of the private sector will help the government save government funds as private capital can be used to carry out expensive space projects.
• Job creation: It will help in creating new jobs in the high skilled space industry.
• Achieve our geopolitical objectives: Given the current geopolitical situation of the country and security threats, growth in the space sector can help the country gain leverage over others.  
• Shift from supply-driven model to demand-driven model: Almost every sector, from agriculture to transport, weather department and even urban development, now wants satellite data and space technology. The private sector can fill this gap. 
• Promote Make in India: With active private participation, India can aspire to become a satellite manufacturing hub and a launchpad for the world with a variety of rockets ranging from the Small Satellite Launch Vehicle to the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle. 

• Security and strategic concerns as critical and sensitive information may fall into the wrong hands.
• Conflicts of interest: As ISRO is both a regulator and an operator, this conflict of interest will likely manifest during dispute resolution between private players and ISRO entities.
• It is a hazardous business involving negative returns and failures. Very few companies may have the appetite to bear the cost of such losses.
• Social welfare may take a backseat: ISRO has always worked on applications like remote sensing, tracking of land use, resource mapping etc., enhancing social welfare. However, private companies will have more profitable interests than developing solutions.
• Increase in space debris:  Estimates say there are already 23,000 pieces of debris larger than 10 centimetres and over 500,000 pieces of smaller junk circling Earth.
• Issue of liability of private entities: Multilateral treaties of international law are outdated and do not correspond well with contemporary reality.