main problems of sugar industry

The sugar industry is vital as 

• It is India’s second largest agro-based industry, next only to cotton.
• 5 crore farmers are directly or indirectly involved in this.
• India’s annual sugarcane production is around 35 crore tons, which is used to produce 2.6 crore tons of sugar.
• India’s domestic sugar production is more than domestic consumption.

The sugar industry is highly regulated.  

Regulations at Farmer Level

• Farmers are obliged to sell produce at the nearest mill only. Mills are obliged to purchase from all farmers. 
• Wrt sugarcane pricing, the Union government announces the Fair and Remunerative Price (FRP) suggested by the Department of Food and Public Distribution and approved by Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs. 
• State governments announce State Administered Prices (SAP), which are usually higher than Union’s FRP due to vote bank politics.

Regulations at Mill Level

• Mills must purchase from all farmers at FRP or SAP (whichever is higher).
• Sugar mills can buy sugarcane only from farmers within a specified radius, known as Cane Reservation Area.
• The government also fixes the Minimum Selling Price of sugar (which as of 2021 is Rs 3,100 per quintal).
• The Centre also fixes the mill-wise sales quota of sugar.
• Centre’s Sugarcane (Control) Order mandates mills to pay the FRP within 14 days of cane purchase from farmers, failing which 15% annual interest is charged on the due amount for the delay period.
• Government levy: Earlier, mill owners had to give 10% of their production to the central government at the government-determined price (which was much lower than the market price). This provision has been abolished now.

• The cost of Production of Sugar (of Mills) is greater than the Market Price of Sugar.
• Significant arrears of sugar farmers towards Sugar Mills to the tune of ₹22,000 crores are still lying.
• Union and State governments announce high FRP & SAP due to vote bank politics.  
• The sugar industry has a seasonal character – mill, and the workers remain idle for almost half a year. 
• The sugar recovery rate in India is less than 10% compared to Java and Hawaii, where it is up to 14%.
• Low Sugar Prices in World Market: The world is sugar surplus. Mill owners can’t increase the price of sugar due to the import of foreign sugar. 
• WTO ruling against Sugar Pricing Regime: Australia, Brazil, and Guatemala filed a complaint against India in 2019 that the Indian government supports its sugarcane farmers that go against the WTO principles and breach the de-minimus limit. In 2021, WTO Dispute Settlement Body ruled against India. 

• C Rangarajan Panel on Sugar Pricing recommended that States should stop announcing SAP and go with FRP suggested by Union. 
• The Union government should devise a proper mechanism to arrive at FRP. Presently, Union Government doesn’t reduce FRP even if sugar prices are low.
• Proper utilization of the by-products of Sugarcane like Ethanol, Bagasse etc.  
• The industry association opines that if states announce SAP higher than FRP, the state governments should bear such price differential.
• Power generation using cogeneration technology & generating revenues by selling extra electricity. 

• Union Government has given soft loans with low interest to sugar mill owners to pay the arrears of farmers.
• Import duty on the import of sugar was increased from 50% to 100%.
• Export duty on exporting sugar has been scrapped.
• National Policy on Biofuels, 2018: It has set the target of 20% ethanol blending of petrol by 2030 to provide a market for the by-products of the sugar industry.
• State-Specific Steps: In 2020, the Maharashtra government gave a state guarantee for loans to Sugar Cooperatives to buy sugarcane from farmers on time.

• Ethanol is a by-product of the sugar industry
• Use: It can be used as fuel by mixing with petrol.
• To offset their losses, Sugar Mills can go towards Ethanol manufacturing.