• Due to partition of India , North East turned to landlocked country.
• After 1962 war, Union didn’t built high grade roads and other infra in fear that it can lead to faster movement of Chinese troops.

• North East has large number of Tribal Ethnicities and they usually rose against each other
• Ethnic discord marked by some communities being branded “outsiders”
  • • • Chakma issue in Mizoram,
      • Hill versus valley disturbances in Manipur
      • longstanding NRC issue in Assam
      • Attacks on Sikh residents in Meghalaya
      • Chakma/Hajong citizenship issue in Arunachal Pradesh itself.

• Tribes were not brought under a strict political control and rigid regulations.
• British tribal policy and Christian education are believed to be the genesis of demands of Independence from India

• Ethnic and cultural  specificities were ignored during the process of delineation of state boundaries in the 1950s, giving rise to discontentment and assertion of one’s identity

• Underdevelopment, Poverty, unemployment, lack of connectivity, inadequate health care and educational facilities

• Governance deficit

• Migration of people from the plains posing economic, cultural and political threat to the tribals.

• Hostile neighbours extending moral and material support owing to porous international borders

• Deep sense of alienation due to human right violation and excesses by security forces.
• Imposition of AFSPA has led to the feeling of discontentment

• Difficult terrain and weak infrastructure facilitating insurgents involved in conflict.

• Lack of investment in the region especially in untapped potential for hydro-electric power due to lack of security

• Economy severely affected due to extortion of “taxes” by various factions on local people, businesses, officials etc

• Narcotic trade due to its position in vicinity of Golden Triangle impacting young generation

• Act East Policy : Kaladan Multimodal Project , IMT highway , BCIM etc
• Infra development . Japan also interested to fund
• Seven  States  of  the  region  enjoy  special  category  status  to  develop  backward  areas.
• Development of tourism
• Job promotion in BPO sector => North East BPO Promotion Scheme
• Promotion of Organic food

• Governance – North East Council, Schedule 6 etc
• Ratio in assistance from Central Government in Core Scheme =   90:10
• Decentralisation of powers among the tribes

• AFSPA in place in insurgency hit areas

• Eg : Indian Government in dialogue with NSCN and other Naga groups and is on verge of signing accord .

1. British developed the tea industry in Assam. They imported labour from Bihar & other provinces to work in tea gardens.
2. Assamese people living mostly in Upper Assam and cultivating one crop per year, were not interested in working as labour in the tea gardens nor in increasing or expanding land cultivation .Therefore, British encouraged Bengali Muslim peasants from present Bangladesh to move into Lower Assam for putting virgin land under cultivation.
3. Later during 1971 crisis, large number of Bangladeshi Muslims (+ Hindus) too came in Assam. This pattern is going on even after that

Socio-political movement started by  Assamese people in 1979 to evict illegal Bangladeshis ended in Assam Accord in 1985.

• Increasing pressure on land and mounting unemployment in Bangladesh due to rise in population. Large segments of population in Bangladesh uprooted by severe floods and cyclones
• Porous India Bangladesh border
• Better economic conditions in India

• Lead to agitations in which public property is damaged : failure of government to respond the issue of illegal migration led to the agitation by Assamese (culminating in Assam Accord)
• Illegal Voters : Most of the illegal Bangladeshis have got their names enlisted in the voting list illegally, thereby claiming themselves as citizens of the state. The immigrant’s population act s as a vote bank for the political parties in Assam.
• Issue of terrorism:  Pakistan’s ISI has been active in Bangladesh supporting militant movements in Assam.  Among the illegal migrants there are also militants

• Diplomatic Effort: India has to make diplomatic effort to get Bangladesh to cooperate as illegal migration cannot be solved unless sending country cooperates. Sharing of digital database of its citizens will make it easier.
• Better Border Management: Fencing, construction of border roads and proper management of border will make a difference
• Bar from Voting rights: Illegal migrants should not be allowed to vote and this will diminish their ability to influence government decisions by being a political force

• United National Liberation Front
• Oldest Meitei insurgent group which seeks to create an independent and socialist Manipur

• People’s Liberation Army
• It is a Meitei organisation that aims to organise the entire North-East into a revolutionary front and bring together all the ethnic groups under a single umbrella

• People’s Liberation Army of Kanglipak
• Their aim is to expel the outsiders from Manipur

• Another Meitei insurgent group
• Their aim is to cleanise Manipuri society of evils like drugs

Prominent Naga tribes include Poumai, Sumi, Angami, Ao, Chakhesang, Chang, Khiamniungan, Konyak, Liangmai, Lotha, Pochury, Rongmei,Zeme, Mao.

• Root of conflict started in 1918
• Formation of the Naga Club by 20 members of the Naga French Labour Corp, who had served in World War I. The wartime knowledge motivated the few who had come in contact with the European battlefield to politically organise themselves as a distinct ethnic political entity.

• Club was further reinforced with the formation of the Naga National Council (NNC) under the leadership of A.Z Phizo, a charismatic leader belonging to the Angami tribe.
• Phizo had been trained by the British, especially Major General Wingate during World War II on the Burma Front against Japanese forces & he utilised knowledge to impart training in guerrilla warfare to NNC members.

• Nine Point Agreement known as  Akbar Hydari Agreement was signed between NNC leaders T. Sakhrie, Imkonglba Ao and the Governor of Assam, Sir Akbar Hydari on 29 June 1947.
• The Agreement gave the Nagas rights over their land as well as executive and legislative powers, but within the ambit of the Indian Constitution.
• The Agreement was rejected by Phizo. On 14 August 1947, the NNC led by Phizo declared independence.

• It was the loss of bases in East Pakistan in 1972, with the emergence of a new nation-Bangladesh, as well as the constant pressure from Indian security forces that motivated the NNC under Z. Huire to sign  Shillong Accord.
• The Shillong Accord however repeated the tragic story of the 9 Point Agreement, in that it split the Naga rebel movement.
• The Shillong Accord was the proximate cause for the formation of the original unified National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN).

• Due to intense differences with existing leadership Isak Chisi Swu and Thuingaleng Muivah formed NSCN (IM) on 31 January 1988.
• Followed by the further spilt of S. S. Khaplang led faction and formation of the NSCN (Khaplang) another National Socialist Council of Nagaland, named after its leader came to dominate in Naga inhabited areas.

• • • NSCN has vowed allegiance to the constitution of India. The details of the accord are yet to come in public domain.
    • Issue : NSCN-IM has been insistent on the integration of Naga-inhabited areas into a greater Nagaland, which they call Nagalim and would involve the partition of three states — Assam, Manipur and Arunachal Pradesh and inclusion of areas in Myanmar.